出血原因：

AnumberofmedicationsincreasetheriskofbleedingincludingNSAIDsandSSRIs.SSRIsdoubletherateofuppergastrointestinalbleeding.[2]

TherearemanycausesforupperGIhemorrhage.Causesareusuallyanatomicallydividedintotheirlocationintheuppergastrointestinaltract.

Peopleareusuallystratifiedintohavingeithervaricealornon-varicealsourcesofupperGIhemorrhage,asthetwohavedifferenttreatmentalgorithmsandprognosis.

ThecausesforupperGIhemorrhageincludethefollowing:

Esophagealcauses(gastrorrhagia):

Esophagealvarices

Esophagitis

Esophagealcancer

Esophagealulcers

Mallory-Weisstear

Gastriccauses:

Gastriculcer

Gastriccancer

Gastritis

Gastricvarices

Gastricantralvascularectasia

Dieulafoyslesions

Duodenalcauses:

Duodenalulcer

Vascularmalformation,includingaorto-entericfistulae.Fistulaeareusuallysecondarytopriorvascularsurgeryandusuallyoccurattheproximalanastomosisatthethirdorfourthportionoftheduodenumwhereitisretroperitonealandneartheaorta.[3][4][5]

Hematobilia,orbleedingfromthebiliarytree

Hemosuccuspancreaticus,orbleedingfromthepancreaticduct

Severesuperiormesentericarterysyndrome

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